I work on the culture of politics in the 18th and 19th centuries: how politics worked on a ground level; how elite politicians fought political battles; how they fought each other (with guns and knives, as well as otherwise); how they improvised the national government into being in the 1790s; how they tried to hold that government together in the 1840s and 1850s; how they contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Political violence is a major component of my work.